ES Cells essays

Ideas for My Paper/ ES Cells essays Embryonic stem (ES) cells are considered the ultimate stem cell because of their dual ability to proliferate and to differentiate into all the cells and tissues of the body. But they are ethically contentious because five-day-old embryos have to be destroyed to derive them. Adult stem cells show promise as an ethically preferable alternative, but scientists have not been able to show that they are as versatile as ES cells. The two papers featured in this web focus highlight the promise of both avenues of research, one describing a kind of adult stem cell that may turn out to be just as versatile as ES cells, and the other showing that ES cells can generate neurons to effectively treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease in a rat model. Now, Catherine Verfaillie and her colleagues at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, have isolated an adult stem cell from cultured human, rat and mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, called MAPCs - for mesenchymal adult progenitor cells. Like ES cells, these cells multiply indefinitely in culture. Injected into mouse embryos, the mouse cells differentiate into most, if not all, of the cell types in the body. In a separate paper, Ron McKay and colleagues at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, show that mouse ES cells be used in cell replacement therapy in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. From cultured ES cells, the group generated a large supply of neurons that produce dopamine. The neurons functioned normally and gave clear behavioural responses when grafted into the brains of rats that model Parkinson's disease. Together the papers show two different approaches for isolating powerful, pluripotent stem cells with clear therapeutic potential. However many fundamental questions remain about how ES cells and MAPCs function in a biological context, and how they can best be harnessed for medical benefit. It will be exciting to watch the ans ...

How to Convert Fahrenheit to Kelvin

How to Convert Fahrenheit to Kelvin Fahrenheit and Kelvin are two common temperature scales. The Fahrenheit scale is used in the United States, while Kelvin is an absolute temperature scale, used worldwide for scientific calculations. While you might think this conversion wouldnt occur much, it turns out there is a lot of scientific and engineering equipment that uses the Fahrenheit scale! Fortunately, it is easy to convert Fahrenheit to Kelvin. Fahrenheit to Kelvin Method #1 Subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature.Multiply this number by 5.Divide this number by 9.Add 273.15 to this number. The answer will be the temperature in Kelvin. Note that while Fahrenheit has degrees, Kelvin does not. Fahrenheit to Kelvin Method #2 You can use the conversion equation to perform the calculation. This is especially easy if you have a calculator that allows you to enter the whole equation, but its not difficult to solve by hand. TK (TF 459.67) x 5/9 For example, to convert 60 degrees Fahrenheit to Kelvin: TK (60 459.67) x 5/9 TK 288.71 K Fahrenheit to Kelvin Conversion Table You can also estimate a temperature by looking up the closest value on a conversion table. There is a temperature where the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales read the same temperature. Fahrenheit and Kelvin read the same temperature at 574.25. Fahrenheit (Â °F) Kelvin (K) -459.67 Â °F 0 K -50 Â °F 227.59 K -40 Â °F 233.15 K -30 Â °F 238.71 K -20 Â °F 244.26 K -10 Â °F 249.82 K 0 Â °F 255.37 K 10 Â °F 260.93 K 20 Â °F 266.48 K 30 Â °F 272.04 K 40 Â °F 277.59 K 50 Â °F 283.15 K 60 Â °F 288.71 K 70 Â °F 294.26 K 80 Â °F 299.82 K 90 Â °F 305.37 K 100 Â °F 310.93 K 110 Â °F 316.48 K 120 Â °F 322.04 K 130 Â °F 327.59 K 140 Â °F 333.15 K 150 Â °F 338.71 K 160 Â °F 344.26 K 170 Â °F 349.82 K 180 Â °F 355.37 K 190 Â °F 360.93 K 200 Â °F 366.48 K 300 Â °F 422.04 K 400 Â °F 477.59 K 500 Â °F 533.15 K 600 Â °F 588.71 K 700 Â °F 644.26 K 800 Â °F 699.82 K 900 Â °F 755.37 K 1000 Â °F 810.93 K Do Other Temperature Conversions Converting Fahrenheit to Kelvin is not the only temperature conversion you may need to be familiar with. You may want to learn to convert between Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin in any combination Celsius to FahrenheitFahrenheit to CelsiusCelsius to KelvinKelvin to FahrenheitKelvin to Celsius